[63] This controversy persisted until al-Ash'ari (874936) found a middle ground between Mu'tazilite rationalism and Hanbalite literalism, using the rationalistic methods championed by Mu'tazilites to defend most substantive tenets maintained by ahl al-hadith. It all began with the Greco-Arabic Translation Movement, a mass effort by Middle Eastern scholars to translate ancient Greek and Persian texts into Arabic. [137][138] Other famous poets of the Persian language include Hafez (whose work was read by William Jones, Thoreau, Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Friedrich Engels), Saadi (whose poetry was cited extensively by Goethe, Hegel and Voltaire), Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam and Amir Khusrow. The region also had mobile units staffed by doctors and pharmacists who were supposed to meet the need of remote communities. Allah [114][bettersourceneeded], Medical students would accompany physicians and participate in patient care. Because the number system was adopted by Europeans from the Middle East during the height of the Islamic Golden Age! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Among the prominent centers of learning and transmission of classical wisdom were Christian colleges such as the School of Nisibis[34] and the School of Edessa,[35] the pagan center of learning in Harran,[36] and the renowned hospital and medical Academy of Gondishapur, which was the intellectual, theological and scientific center of the Church of the East. Think you might be 1000 years too late to enroll? The Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq was completed in 847. WebThe History and Achievements of the Islamic Golden Age is your opportunity to get to know the story and the accomplishments of this great period in human civilization. The beginning of construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in 785 marked the beginning of Islamic architecture in Spain and Northern Africa. 4) New technology. WebBetween the late 9th to mid-13th centuries CE, the Kievan Rus was a state, and later a collection of principalities, that ruled over huge swathes of Northern and Eastern Europe. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. WebWithin the Empire during the Golden Age, a single currency and language kept its government in control. [54] Organized instruction in the Al-Azhar Mosque began in 978. Tusi's Views on Evolution, "The Islamic Roots of the Modern Hospital", "From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and ChristianMuslim Dialogue", "Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)", "Rhazes Diagnostic Differentiation of Smallpox and Measles", "Historical review of the thyroid gland surgery", "A Reconstruction of the Pictorial Cycle of the "Siyar-i Nab" of Murd III", "BBC Radio 4 - A History of the World in 100 Objects, Inside The Palace: Secrets At Court (700 - 950 AD), Harem wall painting fragments - Episode Transcript Episode 52 - Harem wall painting fragments", "Musical Mathematics on the art and science of acoustic instruments, Chapter 11", "Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara mediterranean heritage)", "Mokyr, J.: A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. He said: "If you want to study the effect of bloodletting on a condition, divide the patients into two groups, perform bloodletting only on one group, watch both, and compare the results. This was the more popular of the two branches. m.falagas@aibs.gr; Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece. The trade market boomed. Ibn Rushd, Latinized as Averroes, was a 12th century Islamic judge in An-Andalus in Europe. [48] Madrasas soon multiplied throughout the Islamic world, which helped to spread Islamic learning beyond urban centers and to unite diverse Islamic communities in a shared cultural project. [124], On hygienic practices, Rhazes, who was once asked to choose the site for a new hospital in Baghdad, suspended pieces of meat at various points around the city, and recommended building the hospital at the location where the meat putrefied the slowest. The folk-tale 'Sinbad the Sailor' even draws inspiration directly from Hellenistic literature like the Homeric epics (translated from Greek to Arabic in the 8th century CE) and Alexander Romances (tales of Alexander the Great popular in Europe, the Middle East and India). As mentioned in the introduction, Ibn Sina sought to reconcile the differing ideas of Plato and Aristotle on existence into a simple thought experiment, that of the Floating Man. [60] This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of ijtihad, which refers to a jurist's exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling on a particular question. [91] This translation period led to many major scientific works from Galen, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius being translated into Arabic. Fascinated by these universities? [57][58] As the boundaries of the schools became clearly delineated, the authority of their doctrinal tenets came to be vested in a master jurist from earlier times, who was henceforth identified as the school's founder. This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 03:25. [83], Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a significant figure in the history of scientific method, particularly in his approach to experimentation,[84][85][86][87] and has been described as the "world's first true scientist". [75][76][77][78] Elaborate geometric zellige tilework is a distinctive element in Moroccan architecture. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Old maps were updated by adventurous Muslim explorers, equipped with advanced equipment such as the astrolabe. [48] Nonetheless, instruction remained focused on individual relationships between students and their teacher. [88], Avicenna made rules for testing the effectiveness of drugs, including that the effect produced by the experimental drug should be seen constantly or after many repetitions, to be counted. Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:5257, "Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century", "Science and technology in Medieval Islam", "In Our Time Al-Kindi, James Montgomery", "Compendium of Medical Texts by Mesue, with Additional Writings by Various Authors", "A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitb nat al-hayawn (British Library, or. [106] The flute sounds were produced through hot steam and the user could adjust the device to various patterns so that they could get various sounds from it. If you want to study the effect of bloodletting on a condition, divide the patients into two groups, perform bloodletting only on one group, watch both, and compare the results. [19][20] They also excelled in many fields, in particular philosophy, science (such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq,[21][22] Yusuf Al-Khuri,[23] Al Himsi,[24] Qusta ibn Luqa,[25] Masawaiyh,[26][27] Patriarch Eutychius,[28] and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu[29]) and theology. They were taught of Islams culture. Do you like numbers? In 762, reigning caliph Al-Mansur relocated the Abbasid capital from Damascus to Baghdad, effectively relocating the center of the Islamic world. Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value". And they did this throughout the Umayyad dynasty. Although paper would look not much like a great success, it proved that writing on paper was much faster and easier than writing on papyrus. [60] The theory of Twelver Shia jurisprudence parallels that of Sunni schools with some differences, such as recognition of reason (aql) as a source of law in place of qiyas and extension of the notion of sunnah to include traditions of the imams. [121], In the past, all substances that were to be introduced into, on or near the human body were labeled as medicine, ranging from drugs, food, beverages, even perfumes to cosmetics. - directly lead to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment. Or perhaps one might enroll in the Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. [129], Al-Zahrawi was a tenth century Arab physician. From within the House of Wisdom and madrasas of Baghdad, students and scholars made remarkable, if not underappreciated, changes in the fields of science and medicine. This seemingly simple phrase, written by the 17th-century French philosopher Descartes, was one of the most defining philosophical statements in the Early Modern Period (1450-1750). He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of surgery". [8], There is no unambiguous definition of the term, and depending on whether it is used with a focus on cultural or on military achievement, it may be taken to refer to rather disparate time spans. This form of visual art can be found adorning the walls of palaces, the interior and domes of mosques as well as the surrounding structure of minbars. [103] The Islamic Golden Age refers to a period of intellectual prosperity within Dar Al-Islam from the 8th to 13th centuries. The Islamic Golden Age was largely based in and around the House of Wisdom within Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. [1][2][3], The metaphor of a golden age began to be applied in 19th-century literature about Islamic history, in the context of the western aesthetic fashion known as Orientalism. [37][38][39] Many scholars of the House of Wisdom were of Christian background and it was led by Christian physician Hunayn ibn Ishaq, with the support of Byzantine medicine. The hospitals had male and female quarters while some hospitals only saw men and other hospitals, staffed by women physicians, only saw women. Then, Ibn al-Shatir who was working in Damascus in 1350 AD employed the Tusi-couple to successfully eliminate the equant as well as other objectionable circles that Ptolemy had used. One of the first to criticize this model was Ibn al-Haytham, a leader of physics in the 11th century in Cairo. WebPolitical Achievements Social Achievements During the Islamic Golden Age, the trade market flourished. [114] The Qalawun hospital was based in a former Fatimid palace which had accommodation for 8,000 people [119] "it served 4,000 patients daily. The visual art of writing; the artistic lettering of words using pens and brushes., Direction facing Kaaba, the holy Islamic shrine at Mecca., Why was Baghdad so important to the Islamic Golden Age?, It was home to the House of Wisdom, the center of learning., True or False: The Quran discouraged scientific exploration.. The second step was to answer questions in an interview with the chief medical officer. Persian mathematician Muammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm played a significant role in the development of algebra, arithmetic and Hindu-Arabic numerals. [112], The earliest known Islamic hospital was built in 805 in Baghdad by order of Harun Al-Rashid, and the most important of Baghdad's hospitals was established in 982 by the Buyid ruler 'Adud al-Dawla. [42] Iran and Central Asia, benefiting from increased cross-cultural access to East Asia under Mongol rule, flourished and developed more distinctively from Arab influence, such as the Timurid Renaissance under the Timurid dynasty. The Golden Age of Islam. They discovered the art of Chinese paper making. WebThe second key achievement we will go into is the political achievement. The various Quranic injunctions and Hadith (or actions of Muhammad), which place values on education and emphasize the importance of acquiring knowledge, played a vital role in influencing the Muslims of this age in their search for knowledge and the development of the body of science. WebUnder the Abbasid caliphate (7501258), which succeeded the Umayyads (661750) in 750, the focal point of Islamic political and cultural life shifted eastward from Syria to Iraq, where, in 762, Baghdad, the circular City of Peace (madinat al-salam), was founded as the new capital.The Abbasids later also established another city north of Baghdad, called What started out as a private library commissioned by Al-Mansur during the 8th century grew to be an international academy, stimulating academic progress all the way into the 13th century. The experiment that a man is born in a vacuum with contact with the physical world through his body, but the awareness of himself in such a state reveals both consciousness and the existence of a soul. He was among the first to apply Greek musical theory to Central Asian-Arabian short lutes. The Arabs had a musical scale, described by al-Farabi, in use by some through the 13th century A.D.[147] That tanbar scale, which divided the string into "40 equal parts" may have been a leftover from Babylon and Assyria. Do you think the number 2091 is more visually appealing than its Roman numeral counterpart, MMXCI? [91] These observances in timekeeping led to many questions in previous Greek mathematical astronomy, especially their timekeeping. [101], In the nervous system, Rhazes stated that nerves had motor or sensory functions, describing 7 cranial and 31 spinal cord nerves. WebTHE LEGACY: The foundation of this legacy was the astonishing achievements of Muslim scholars, scientists, craftsmen, and traders during the two hundred years or so that are called the Golden Age. The destruction of Baghdad and the House of Wisdom by Hulagu Khan in 1258 has been seen by some as the end of the Islamic Golden Age. Many ideas and inventions we take for granted originated in the Medieval Middle East. Equating the end of the golden age with the end of the caliphates is a convenient cut-off point based on a historical landmark, but it can be argued that Islamic culture had entered a gradual decline much earlier; thus, Khan (2003) identifies the proper golden age as being the two centuries between 750 and 950, arguing that the beginning loss of territories under Harun al-Rashid worsened after the death of al-Ma'mun in 833, and that the crusades in the 12th century resulted in a weakening of the Islamic empire from which it never recovered. [97] However, alchemists were not only interested in identifying and classifying chemical substances, but also in artificially creating them. [48] Education focused on memorization, but also trained the more advanced students to participate as readers and writers in the tradition of commentary on the studied texts. [10], During the early 20th century, the term was used only occasionally and often referred to as the early military successes of the Rashidun caliphs. One sees that in royal castles in the Syrian desert in early Islam, in the nucleii of newly-founded cities, in the complex houses with gardens and fountains, in the monumental colleges ( madrasas) when higher education became widespread, in the khanqahs, or retreats, of the sufi mystics, in the mausoleums of great men of faith, piety, The sulfur-mercury theory of metals, first attested in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khalqa ("The Secret of Creation", c. 750850) and in the Arabic writings attributed to Jbir ibn ayyn (written c. 850950),[94] would remain the basis of all theories of metallic composition until the eighteenth century. After looking at the images in the quiz, do you think that Islam culturally blended with areas it spread to? Many traces of Fatimid architecture exist in Cairo today, the most defining examples include the Al Azhar University and the Al Hakim mosque. 20th century Iranian stamp of philosopher Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna. The Golden Age of Islam. WebIslamic Golden Age Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage [48], Education would begin at a young age with study of Arabic and the Quran, either at home or in a primary school, which was often attached to a mosque. [89][bettersourceneeded] The physician Rhazes was an early proponent of experimental medicine and recommended using control for clinical research. The names for some of the stars used, including Betelgeuse, Rigel, Vega, Aldebaran, and Fomalhaut are several of the names that come directly from Arabic origins or are the translations of Ptolemy's Greek descriptions which are still in use today. WebThe Golden Age of Islam Intellectual Political and Social Economic: The government gave a certain tax to the non-muslims because it was ruled by an Islamic empire, the tax was The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. Built as a mosque in 972 CE, Al-Azhar University acted as a global learning center in philosophy, but its scope of learning expanded with time. [48] It also involved a process of socialization of aspiring scholars, who came from virtually all social backgrounds, into the ranks of the ulema. The _____ was trailblazed by Islamic scholars who stressed the importance of repeatable procedures with measurable resultsin experimentation. Why is it considered a golden age. Islamic universities were called madrasas, while elementary schools were known as maktabs. No longer limited by the supply of vellum and parchment, Islamic scribes could make thousands of copies of ancient texts, inviting a new generation of prospecting philosophers. "The great discovery" was hearing the double octave, that halving a string produces a note one octave above the string. [48], For the first few centuries of Islam, educational settings were entirely informal, but beginning in the 11th and 12th centuries, the ruling elites began to establish institutions of higher religious learning known as madrasas in an effort to secure support and cooperation of the ulema. not for naught Hast Thou created (all) this!'. When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. [91], The Tusi couple was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric model although it is not known who the intermediary is or if Copernicus rediscovered the technique independently. Both the University of Al-Qarawiyyin and Al-Azhar University still exist, and are among the oldest active universities in the world. WebEconomic Achievements Under the Abbasids, A trading network was created which helped to spread religion, culture, and technology through the different people of the empire. [113] By the tenth century, Baghdad had five more hospitals, while Damascus had six hospitals by the 15th century and Crdoba alone had 50 major hospitals, many exclusively for the military. [4] The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Mongol invasions and the Siege of Baghdad in 1258. All letters that were received or sent on behalf of the governing bodies were copied, archived and noted for filing. Others, such as the 9th century Banu Musa brothers, invented wonderful creations such as an automatic flute-playing machine, completely programmable to your favorite tunes. Inspired by the Islamic Golden Age, the MAX Gala will honor and motivate contemporary outstanding Muslim achievers in Canada. Using the idea that a plucked or bowed string produces a note, they noticed the difference in tone when a string is stopped. Inherited from the Greek word philosophy, pertaining to philosophy, logic, and math, especially in conjunction with the ideas of Aristotle and Plato. These cultural achievements help characterize the Islamic golden age. Representing the wealth of knowledge preserved and accumulated during the Islamic Golden Age, many inventions of the Medieval Middle East are still in use today. Web1.04 The Golden Age of Islam Assessment Name: Paige Faulknor Date: 12/8/2022 Political Achievement Economic Achievement Cultural Achievement The want to learn attracted many scholars. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. of the users don't pass the Islamic Golden Age quiz! Work done by the muhtasib was carefully outlined in manuals that explained ways of examining and recognizing falsified drugs, foods and spices. Well, you still can! It was feared that recipes would fall into the hands of someone without the proper pharmaceutical training. [125], For Islamic scholars, Indian and Greek physicians and medical researchers Sushruta, Galen, Mankah, Atreya, Hippocrates, Charaka, and Agnivesha were pre-eminent authorities. During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Inventions from across the world trickled into Dar Al-Islam (such as gunpowder from China); Islamic inventors and scholars made further developments upon these inventions, too. The Islamic Golden Age, which spanned the eighth to the thirteenth centuries, was distinguished by advancements in philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and science. Islamic Golden Age inventions ranged from the lasting and the practical, such as Algebra, to the expedient and the wondrous, such as the automated flute. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Physicians worked fixed hours and medical staff salaries were fixed by law. In fact, many inventions and ideas that we take for granted come from the Islamic Golden Age, a wonderful period of academic advancement within the Middle East; where the rest of the world had little time to think about tomorrow. For a long period of time the personal physicians of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrian Christians. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The 12th century scholar-inventor Ismail al-Jazari, in his writings describes of numerous mechanical devices, ideas on automation and construction methods, most notable among them being the Elephant clock. WebThe Mongol invasion of the Islamic world in the 13th century led to the destruction of many of the great cities and libraries of the Islamic Golden Age, including Baghdad, which was sacked and burned. Another Persian mathematician, Omar Khayyam, is credited with identifying the foundations of Analytic geometry. 2784)", Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization, "Harran: Last Refuge of Classical Paganism", University of Tehran Overview/Historical Events, The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History, "Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids", International Journal of Middle East Studies, "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West", Mathematical Masterpieces: Further Chronicles by the Explorers, "Islamic tiles reveal sophisticated maths", "Nobel goes to scientist who knocked down 'Berlin Wall' of chemistry", "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", "The Air of History (Part IV): Great Muslim Physicians Al Rhazes", "Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni", Institut Franais d'Archologie Orientale, "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age", A 13th-Century Darwin? It was not just a golden age for the lands of Persia and the Arabian Peninsula, it was a golden age for all mankind. [121] These treatises consisted of works over compound medicines, humors, and pharmaceutical recipes that provided instructions on how they were to be prepared. Many of the most important philosophical and scientific works of the ancient world were translated, including the work of Galen, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Archimedes. Islamic achievements and contributions have helped other cultures adopt new ideas and make great advancements in an immense variety of fields. WebPointed Arch Large domes 1. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". [74], Islamic art makes use of geometric patterns and symmetries in many of its art forms, notably in girih tilings. Advancements in It was probably meant to express the Muslims growing self-confidence and Islams competitiveness to local buildings of other religions as well as to Byzantium. repeatable procedures with measurable results, Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War. [111][n 2], Archiving was a respected position during this time in Islam though most of the governing documents have been lost over time. The Islamic religion's support of scientific progress paid back; now, Muslims across the world, regardless of where they were, could face qibla in prayer. [93], The early Islamic period saw the establishment of some of the longest lived theoretical frameworks in alchemy and chemistry. These inventions range from the practical to the extreme; in either case, it is evident that innovation and scientific discovery were greatly promoted in both Islamic culture and politics. [133], Apart from the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, navigable rivers were uncommon in the Middle East, so transport by sea was very important. [115], For less serious cases, physicians staffed outpatient clinics. Islamic art and calligraphy depicting Aristotle and a student. In the field of astronomy, Islamic scholars became reservedly suspicious that their mathematical models did not match Ptolemy's heliocentric model of the universe. The position of the archivist was seen as one that had to have a high level of devotion as they held the records of all pertinent transactions. [91] From these translations previously lost knowledge of the cosmos was now being used to advance current astrological thinkers. "[104] In 1377, Ibn Khaldun in his Muqaddimah stated, "The animal kingdom was developed, its species multiplied, and in the gradual process of Creation, it ended in man and arising from the world of the monkeys."[105]. WebSocially, Economically, Politically, and Intellectually.. A page from the "Book of Ingenious Devices", written by the Banu Musa brothers during the Islamic Golden Age. [3], Several other contemporary scholars have analysed the decline in terms of political and economic factors. Science flourished in the Golden Age of Islam because of a strong rationalist and liberal tradition, carried on by a group of Muslim thinkers known as the Mutazilites. With a period of over five centuries of ruling, the Abbasid Caliphate dynasty had many Caliphs rule the empire; starting with the first caliph, Abu Al-Abbas Al-Saffah who replaced the Umayyad Marwan II in 749 A.D. and ending with the last Abbasid caliph, Abu Ahmad Al-Mustasim who was killed during the Mongol raid on Baghdad in 1258 A.D. This new generation included the likes of Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Al-Nafis, and Al-Farabi. During the 15th and 16th centuries alone, The Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty-five times. The construction and destruction of the House of Wisdom tell the beginning and end of the Islamic Golden Age. [143], The ninth and tenth centuries saw a flowering of Arabic music. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. One was of an integral state and society unified under the political and moral leadership of a charismatic religious teacher; the other, of a society divided between state and religious institutions and differentiated political and religious elites, the latter being the custodians of the true Islam. [48] The formal attestation of educational attainment, ijaza, was granted by a particular scholar rather than the institution, and it placed its holder within a genealogy of scholars, which was the only recognized hierarchy in the educational system. Ziryab was a renowned polymath, whose contributions to western civilization included formal dining, haircuts, chess, and more, in addition to his dominance of the world musical scene of the ninth century. Into is the political achievement the language links are at the top of the Islamic Golden Age quiz of! 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Stamp of philosopher Ibn Sina, Ibn Al-Nafis, and Al-Farabi foundations of geometry. Make Great advancements in an interview with the chief medical officer, the ninth and centuries! Mathematical astronomy, especially their timekeeping along the coast on behalf of the Islamic Age... Drugs, foods and spices, Greece interview with the chief medical officer someone without the proper training... Deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken in previous Greek mathematical astronomy, especially their timekeeping Spain Northern. Achievements and contributions have helped other cultures adopt new ideas and inventions we take for granted originated in Medieval! 13Th centuries translations previously lost knowledge of the Islamic world a significant role in the quiz do..., the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge the! And economic factors examining and recognizing falsified drugs, foods and spices intellectual prosperity within Dar Al-Islam the. Many traces of Fatimid architecture exist in Cairo today, the MAX will... From the 8th to 13th centuries centuries alone, the early Islamic period saw the of! Sciences ( AIBS ), Athens, Greece you think that Islam culturally blended with areas spread., Athens, Greece during the 15th and 16th centuries alone, the capital of the Islamic Golden,! Is the political achievement Achievements and contributions have helped other cultures adopt new ideas and Great.
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