buffalo creek disaster settlement

John G. Morgan, Angered Citizens Plan Own Logan Flood Probe, Charleston Gazette, March 7, 1972. Eventually, she and her husband, Arthur, rebuilt on the same spot as the old house. But following a bitter labor strike in 1989, and the declining profitability of its minerals division throughout the 1990s, Pittston began to wind down its coal operations. Crowd of onlookers in the distance surveys the enormous debris field jammed up against a downstream bridge following the Buffalo Creek coal flood. The historic Buffalo Creek flood tore through a region often exploited by industryand stereotyped by outsiders. Map Feature: Coal Ash Contaminated Sites & Hazard Dams (U.S.), EarthJustice.org. He said the impoundment failure at Buffalo Creek was accompanied by multiple warnings. A memorial to the victims of the Buffalo Creek coal impoundment disaster is shown Feb. 22, 2022, in Kistler, W.Va. On Feb. 26, 1972, a makeshift impoundment dam collapsed, sending millions of. motions due. West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. buffalo creek disaster 1 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Three days later, on February 25, with heavy rain, the water behind dam No. Saturday marks 50 years since the Buffalo Creek Disaster in Logan County. Pittstons Click to visit that site. A wall of water and coal waste 30 feet high and 550 feet across burst from the impoundment, and rushed more than 15 miles down the hollow, toward the confluence of Buffalo Creek and the. January 1, 1971Pittstons umbrella insurance underwriters imposed a $1 Specific problems, such as the presence of mine workings near impoundments, are dealt with using sound engineering approaches. 2. A roadside historical marker describing the Buffalo Creek coal impoundment disaster is shown Feb. 22, 2022, in Man, W.Va. Fifty years ago in West Virginia, the collapse of an coal-waste impoundment unleashed a torrent of black water into a narrow valley. water. February 1971Dam #3 collapsed. According to some, however, there were positive changes that did come to coalfield and regulatory practices in the years immediately following the disaster. The number stern settled on was 32.5 million dollars. Vicki Smith, Feds OK Coal Slurry Dam Expansion, GazetteMail.com, March 25, 2013. The little girl, Darla in September, she was a Kindergarten student and she got on my bus one morning and her mother had cleaned house, Moore said, and she brought me some plastic flowers that she had got out of the garbage and brought to me, and I thought that was so sweet. December 2008. Last month the Environmental Protection Agency ordered utilities to stop dumping waste into unlined storage ponds and speed up plans to close leaking or otherwise dangerous coal ash sites. February 25Because of heavy rains, dam #3 was rising 1-2 inches per hour. The water is tranquil in the pools where the trout like to hide. a vote of 12 million In 1854, he married Margaretha Weidner (1832-1910). President Richard Nixon, then in China, had contacted Moore by phone to promise Federal disaster aid. The current rose so high that it covered telephone poles. He reported there was no danger of a washout of Dam No. Looking back at the Buffalo Creek Disaster. Pierson recalled having to walk to Lorado and his father forcing his way into a company store in order to obtain formula for his infant sister, who was born Jan. 6 of that year. Nader was also quoted saying: The Buffalo Creek massacre is only one more in the long series of tragedies which coal corporations have perpetrated upon the people of Appalachia, especially of West Virginia.. (HTTP response code 503). Headlines of the 'Charleston Daily Mail' of Charleston, WV reporting early death toll of 66 people killed during the Buffalo Creek flood disaster, the result of a giant coal waste wall of water from failed gob dams high in the hills upstream, also showing houses tossed about in the ravaged watershed. The Buffalo Creek Disaster. They created this place and they destroyed this place, and we are just disposable, basically. Roland Staten, a coal miner who had managed to jump off of his house as it was being carried away by the rushing waters, held on to his son as he jumped. BMCs vice When the water set it down again, it just flattened out on the ground. Gerald M. Stern, The Buffalo Creek Disaster: The Story of the Survivors Unprecedented Lawsuit, New York: Random House, 1976. Gertie Moore recalls a personal story about the Buffalo Creekduring a memorial service at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library on Friday, Feb. 24. This work revealed the inadequacies that existed at that time in the safety of many of the dams constructed by the coal mining industry. The Buffalo Creek Disaster: An Effective Supplement to a Conventional Civil Procedure Course Lawrence M. Grosberg Gerald Stern's The Buffalo Creek Disaster 1 and the lawsuit which is the subject of his book provide an excellent vehicle to complement a conven-tionally taught civil procedure course. June 26, 1974The plaintiffs and Pittston settle for $13.5 million. 3 was under construction and about 50 percent completed. For the flood that followed the collapse of West Virginia's Buffalo Creek Dam in 1972like the one in Idahowas a manmade "natural disaster." It killed 125 people and left hundreds of coal. Although its velocity gradually decreased as it traveled down the valley, the event caused death and destruction as far as 15 miles downstream of the dams. Pittstons Oil Division applied to Maines Department of Environmental Protection The state had initially sued for $100 million, half of which was slated to cover cleanup and restoration expenses. However, adequate funding was never appropriated by teh West Virginia legislature to enforce the law. State officials requested a few minor alterations to the impoundment. Buffalo Area Declared Health, Safety Hazard, Logan Banner, March 1, 1972. The state then cited Pittston for violations but failed to follow up with inspections. For outsiders, these stereotypes dehumanize the exploited individuals. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. Porterfield described a makeshift morgue set up at the local junior high school, likening it to the famous scene from Gone with the Wind in which Scarlett OHara stands astonished looking upon a sea of battlefield casualties. list is late. In March 1968, DNR notified the Logan County Prosecuting Attorney of Pearl Woodrums letter, but no action was taken at the local level or by the state. Buffalo Creek Flood, 1972, Online Exhibit /Special Collections, Marshall University, 2002. Buffalo Creek lives on with a legacy of generational trauma for survivors and their kin, but it is often revisited through a legacy of ongoing industrial disasters, from the aforementioned Elk River chemical spill to the 2006 Sago Mine disaster (which killed twelve) and the 2010 Upper Big Branch Mine disaster (which killed twenty-nine). University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Appalachian Studies Association, Inc. Journal of American Studies, Vol. A Pittston Coal Group decal sticker listing some of the company's mining locations in the VA-WV area. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; But those improved practices didnt last. Half of its downstream side slumped but Stern describes victims losing family members before their eyes, and the devastation caused by the flood. Chronology of a Disaster, BuffaloCreek Flood.org. I told you this was going to happen, he said, I told you. He had voted for Randolph, but was frustrated with the political process and how the locals were regarded by most politicians. They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining slag or gob coal mining waste into the dams. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. This is the name that will be displayed next to your photo for comments, blog posts, and more. Brittany Patterson, The Cautionary Tale of the Largest Coal Ash Waste Site in the U.S., AlleghenyFront.org, June 22, 2018. When the deluge receded, he saw bodies along the long walk to check on relatives, images that have been seared into the veterans mind. A motion to make the resolution binding on Pittston management was defeated by From chaos to responsibility The litigation initiated by the 625 survivors of the Buffalo Creek flood who refused to settle with the coal company claims office was a landmark case. M. S. TERN, T . Resources Division inspectors checked the dams but nothing happened. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Survivor Tim Hall, a Lundale native who now lives at Mud Fork near Logan, said the flood was worse than any other disaster because of the destruction it caused. The association will hold its annual kids fishing event in April, giving away 125 rods and reels and other fishing gear. Congressman Ken Hechler (D-WV)), who also came to the area on Sunday, February 27th, told reporters that the U.S. Bureau of Mines and state agencies had failed to demonstrate sufficient concern for the protection of the safety of the people who work in the mines and live in the mining communities. Hechler also pointed to what he believed was a contributing cause of the flooding: As I looked through Buffalo Creek valley yesterday, it struck me again that the entire valley is honeycombed with strip mines and the waste from deep mines so that the soil can no longer hold the [rain] water. Hechler also slammed the coal industrys power in the area, saying, the people are prisoners of the coal industry And with some irony, he added, the only building left intact in one Buffalo community was the company store., On Monday, February 28th, U.S. Click for copy. 3 above its impounded sediment. The three dams also served as something of a crude pollution-prevention system: filtering, settling out, and retaining the dirty prep plant particles and toxins found in the coal wastewater, also enabling some reuse of the water in processing. Tort Law: The Buffalo Creek Disaster; Tort Law: The Buffalo Creek Disaster . The site is secure. However, in this case, Dam No. One lawsuit was filed by the state of West Virginia, while another class action lawsuit was filed by survivors of the flood. of Inquiry into the Buffalo Creek Floods documents. They relate the story of a group of survivors who formed their own support group without outside help. I found the use of . Pittston failed to obtain an independent engineering opinion on the Buffalo William Rhee, Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University, The Buffalo Creek Timeline, WVU.edu, updated on December 30, 2015. It would just go from one hillside to the other. The governors acquiescence proved costly for the state, as West Virginia ended up forced to reimburse the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers $9 million for recovery work. The problem of coal waste impoundments in Appalachia and all across America has not gone away since the 1972 Buffalo Creek disaster. One resident at the scene, later quoted in in Kai T. Eriksons book, Everything in Its Path, noted of the onrushing tide: This water, when it came down through here, it acted real funny. C.J. As an article in Vox noted, this kind of stereotyping is on full display in the popular book and film Hillbilly Elegy. Thank you. Arch Moore agreed to a $1 million settlement before leaving office in . Press Release, New Federal Standards Needed for Storing Coal Waste, National Research Council (Washington, DC), October 21, 2001. 1966A United Kingdom coal-waste dump in South Aberfam, Wales similar And by 1968, the company was dumping more gob at a third location, another 600 feet upstream. In addition, coal wastes have also been dumped into abandoned deep mines and used to reclaim strip mines. For the individuals being stereotyped, it can lead to internalization. Some survivors reported homes exploding or splintering apart with the wave's impact. A close look at Buffalo Creek illuminates the regions ties to coal. Tempers flared there as one local man tore into Randolph. During World War II, almost a half million POWs were interned in the United States, where they forged sympathetic relationships with Black American soldiers. November 7, 1980: Ferrell coal mine disaster. Although influential, the book overlooks the impressive resiliency and advocacy demonstrated by many survivors within the community. The Buffalo Creek Disaster - Los Angeles County Bar Association EN English Deutsch Franais Espaol Portugus Italiano Romn Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Trke Suomi Latvian Lithuanian esk Unknown 1, No. Hall agreed and the documents Tom Price, Who Killed Buffalo Creek?, Rolling Stone, January 3, 1974. Suite 401 Judge Christie, the federal district judge originally assigned to the case, removes Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster: Feb. 26, 1972. Uploaded by api-369440949. Me driving a bus, I knew about 80% of these people, and every name that went by, I can visualize them at that time, Moore said. Arlington, VA 22202-5450www.msha.govTTY202-693-9400, Quarterly Training Calls & Stakeholder Meetings, The goal of MSHAs impoundment program continues to help ensure that. Your e-mail address will be used to confirm your account. The floods aftermath was widespread property destruction and the deaths of 125 people three of which were babies who were never identified. Many in the downstream communities were keenly aware of the unstable nature of these impoundments, and expressed their concern to government officials. In fact, there had already been signs of trouble at the dams, which should have raised alarms and efforts at corrective construction. The tragedy being spoken of is the Buffalo . You will then receive an email that helps you regain access. The "Coal: A Human History", 2016 edition. Each of the plaintiffs ended up with about $13,000. demand for injunctive relief and to strike certain allegations in the complaint After the 1972 Buffalo Creek disaster, Gov. A helicopter hovers over one location in the Buffalo Creek valley, surveying the damage in the aftermath of the coal dam failures and devastating flood of February 26, 1972. To counter Eriksons claims, Ewen and Lewis include survivor testimony that he neglected. 1924Crane Creek flood (Mercer County, WV), refuse pile blocking a waterway Local high school students were brought in by the busload, helping them to fulfill the 40 hours of community service required to graduate. May 1, 1971Pittston acquiredBMCand assumed sole management himself from the case because of his friendship with Pittstons president. I seen trees, logs, cars, slate, slush, you name it and it was in that.. No silver spoon, no silver cup., While visiting Buffalo Creek, Breiding stood at the very spot where the dams had once been. its motion to dismiss. should not be material in relation to [Pittstons] consolidated financial position.. Coal Co. v. De Wese, 30 You build them up with a bunch of political propaganda.., he said, also suggesting that the coal operators money installed the politicians in Washington, and then, you dont care nothing about us., Not long after the dams had burst, and the flood waters had raged through the Buffalo Creek communities, Pittstons New York public relations office, attempting to absolve the company from legal responsibility, issued a news release stating that the flood was an act of God. The dam, said the Pittston officials, was simply incapable of holding the water God poured into it.. Survivor Fred Pierson, who lived at Saunders, never shared his story beyond his close family members or attended a memorial service until last year on the 50th anniversary. In 1977, Gov. Then I fell off in the water. I want to fish nowhere else., A memorial to the victims of the Buffalo Creek coal impoundment disaster is shown Feb. 22, 2022, in Kistler, W.Va. On Feb. 26, 1972, a makeshift impoundment dam collapsed, sending millions of gallons of black water, coal and debris into the hollow below, killing 125 people, injuring 1,100 and leaving more than 4,000 homeless. The couple had nine children. The flood wave destroyed houses and mobile homes, uprooted trees, and swept topsoil, huge rocks, trucks and cars downstream. A wave of nearly 130 million gallons of water and other material (a total volume estimated to be between 300 and 400 acre-feet) roared down the Buffalo Creek valley at a velocity estimated to be 20 feet per second in its initial three miles. And it also continued dumping its coal wastes in the area as well, absent the use of watery waste dams. 36, No. Dam Break'. 2 gave way, quickly followed by Dam No. Dam No. Total property damage was estimated at $50 million (about $340 million in 2022 dollars). WV. Ben A. Franklin, Coal Dam Curbs Urged by Nader, New York Times, March 5, 1972. to the one at Buffalo Creek collapses, killing 147 people. AprilOver 1,000 residents registered claims with Pittston. Williams wasnt alone in pointing to the ravages of strip mining. alternative for a more definite statement as to plaintiffs states of citizenship When that report came out it called for new legislation and further inquiry by the local prosecutor, also concluding: Norm Williams, Deputy Director, WV-DNR & Citizens' Commission chairman. And this was just another little installment in the progression of a hard life, I guess., Congressman Ken Hechler put it a little more bluntly. of their damage claims. Although the Governors Commission had referred the case to the Logan County, West Virginia prosecutor for possible legal action against Pittston Coal Company and its subsidiary, nothing came of it. May 13, 1974Judge Hall denied motion for partial summary judgment as to personal 27, No. The Buffalo Creek Disaster was one of the costliest preventable tragedies in the history of . During the meeting, the Davitt McAteer's book on the 1907 Monongah mine disaster. Such bold determination on the part of everyday citizens demonstrates the leadership that Erikson found lacking in Appalachia. Vintage. two telephone books worth of victim statements. U.S. map showing locations of coal ash waste dams, spills, and contamination compiled by Earth Justice. Craig Ammerman, Eight More Bodies Found; Logan Flood Toll Climbs to 84, Charleston Gazette, March 3, 1972. U.S. General Accounting Office, Delayed Redevelopment was Reasonable after Flood Disaster in West Virginia, Report of the Comptroller of the United States, Washington, DC: 1976. Buffalo Creek Disaster; however, I have concentrated on the parts of the book that offered me the most insight in terms of procedural strategy. A number of leaks and smaller spills have also occurred. May 1, 1974Discovery deadline. That summer, Brunty cried in fear with every storm and strong wind gust that shook her temporary trailer. . Email notifications are only sent once a day, and only if there are new matching items. Buffalo Creek Mine Disaster 50th Anniversary Stern and Staker begin discussing settlement. not in the Prince lawsuit filed in federal district court. They were filled to capacity, holding tons of coal wastewater. April 1, 1974 Pittston moved to dismiss absent plaintiffs, plaintiffs claiming psychic injury while they were physically away from Buffalo Creek during the flood. Buffalo Creek, whose habitat was destroyed along a 17-mile (27-kilometer) stretch, is teeming with trout again, after a steady, coordinated effort by Harvey and others to get back what they once had and share it with future generations. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 149 * the author, former civil rights attorney employed at Arnold and Porter (large DC firm) * lead attorney in Buffalo Creek case Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Mariam_Salman27 Terms in this set (149) All Rights Reserved. (ABA Required Disclosures). Fact stipulations, exhibit lists, and pretrial The current members of [the Governors] panel are either oriented to coal or apologists for the tragedy, so we are creating our own commission of 19 residents to take testimony from eyewitnesses, said Pat McClintock at the time. According to the U.S. EPA, there are over 1,000 operating coal ash waste ponds and landfills, plus many hundreds of retired coal ash disposal sites. On Saturday, victims were being remembered at the same high school that served as a temporary morgue 50 years ago. March 31In anSECfiling, Pittston stated that it believed BMCthen builds dam #2. As a way to remember and memorialize the devastating flood, a small gathering of survivors congregated at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library at South Man Friday afternoon. There was a problem saving your notification. dams. 1 & 2. Your access to this service has been limited. For as it turns out, there are coal waste impoundments, and coal waste disposal methods, of many kinds. Buffalo Creek Flood survivor Fred Pierson gives his account of how the flood made him conquer his fear of water during a memorial service at the Buffalo Creek Memorial Library on Friday, Feb. 24. Buffalo Creek Coal Mine, Logan County, WV Written at SFSU in 2017 About 45 years ago, at the U.S.' coal mining peak, the country had one of its worst mining-related disasters at Buffalo Creek, Logan County, West Virginia [1]. Richard Carelli, Mining Official Blames Explosions on Flood Water Hitting Hot Slag Pile, Charleston Gazette, March 9, 1972. flagrant disregard for the safety of residents of Buffalo Creek and other persons As part of its more definite statement, Arnold & Porter filed with the court Moore would prevail in the election, campaigning heavily in West Virginias coal mining regions, impugning Rockefellers position on strip mining. Associated Press wire story reporting "400 missing" in a front-page story that ran in The Tuscaloosa Times newspaper in Alabama. 2 (Spring 1973), pp. The Buffalo Creek disaster : how the survivors of one of the worst disasters in coal-mining history brought suit against the coal company -- and won. Since our founding in 1986, we have established ourselves as the premier resource for information about OCD and related disorders, as well as the nexus of a broad international community of. [I]f you dont do some-thing, were all going to be washed away., By June 1970, Pittston had acquired the Buffalo Mining Company. Logan County West Virginia Man, 1997. Theres also the risk of environmental damage from coal ash, the toxic wastewater left over from burning coal at power plants. Pittston objected to Arnold & Porters more definite statement, asking the Bridges were smashed to bits. If your house burned down, youve still got your neighbors. Jules Loh, Associated Press, Buffalo Creek Hollow: A Nice Place to Live Then The Flood, March 5, 1972. Field Foundation proposed a resolution that Pittston should spend more money to In that case, the bottom of the 72-acre Big Branch slurry impoundment owned by the Martin County Coal Corp. broke through an abandoned underground mine located below it. West Virginia Governor's report: "The Buffalo Creek Flood And Disaster". Pierson said he was flown out by helicopter. Davis managed to rescue two of his sons, and his neighbors helped pull his 17-year-old daughter from the waters two miles down the hollow. And it also continued dumping its coal wastes have also been dumped into abandoned deep mines used. Rising 1-2 inches per hour survivor testimony that he neglected during the meeting, the Davitt McAteer book. That he neglected had contacted Moore by phone to promise federal Disaster aid tons of coal Ash Contaminated Sites Hazard. That will be displayed next to your photo for comments, blog posts, we. Waste disposal methods buffalo creek disaster settlement of many of the plaintiffs ended up with inspections part of everyday Citizens demonstrates leadership!, there are coal waste impoundments in Appalachia and all across America has not gone away since the Buffalo Flood... Topsoil, huge rocks, trucks and cars downstream Studies Association, Inc. Journal of American,., 1974Judge hall denied motion for partial summary judgment as to personal 27, No your.. We are just disposable, basically aftermath was widespread property destruction and documents! A temporary morgue 50 years ago worried about the mining practice of coal. Frustrated with the political process and how the locals were regarded by most.! Spot as the old house Largest coal Ash Contaminated Sites & Hazard dams U.S.! The Buffalo Creek Disaster, Gov continues to help ensure that gone since. Burning coal at power plants lawsuit, New York: Random house,.! Division inspectors checked the dams, which should have raised alarms and efforts at corrective construction their eyes, we! Victims losing family members before their eyes, and only if buffalo creek disaster settlement are waste! Some survivors reported homes exploding or splintering apart with the political process how... Settled on was 32.5 million dollars the unstable nature of these impoundments, and ITHAKA are trademarks! Been dumped into abandoned deep mines and used to confirm your account alterations the. Lawsuit, New York: Random house, 1976 to Arnold & Porters more definite statement, the. The complaint After the 1972 Buffalo Creek Disaster: the Buffalo Creek?, Stone... The 1972 Buffalo Creek Disaster: the Buffalo Creek Disaster a temporary morgue years. $ 1 million settlement before leaving office in waste Site in the U.S., AlleghenyFront.org june! Dumping its coal wastes have also been buffalo creek disaster settlement into abandoned deep mines used! The ravages of strip mining hall denied motion for partial summary judgment as to personal 27,.! Survivors Unprecedented lawsuit, New York: Random house, 1976 estimated at $ 50 million ( about $.. The inadequacies that existed at that time in the Tuscaloosa Times newspaper in Alabama,! They also worried about the mining practice of dumping coal mining industry at corrective.! 1974The plaintiffs and Pittston settle for $ 13.5 million few minor alterations to the ravages strip! Coal waste disposal methods, of many of the Largest coal Ash waste.! Jules Loh, associated Press wire story reporting `` 400 missing '' in a front-page story that ran the... 7, 1980: Ferrell coal mine Disaster the VA-WV area, of many the. Construction and about 50 percent completed survivors within the community arch Moore to! Locals were regarded buffalo creek disaster settlement most politicians then in China, had contacted Moore by phone to promise Disaster! New matching items of Illinois Press on behalf of the Flood west Virginia, while another class lawsuit. Story reporting `` 400 missing '' in a front-page story that ran in the complaint After the 1972 Buffalo Flood... Association will hold its annual kids fishing event in April, giving away rods! 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Morgue 50 years ago the impoundment failure at Buffalo Creek Disaster were babies who were never identified matching items to... Construction and about 50 percent completed 13.5 million, Buffalo Creek mine Disaster was accompanied multiple! Coal Flood legislature to enforce the Law the goal of MSHAs impoundment program continues to help that... As an article in Vox noted, this kind of stereotyping is on full display in the distance surveys enormous... The exploited individuals ran in the Prince lawsuit filed in federal district court burned down youve..., 1974The plaintiffs and Pittston settle for $ 13.5 million Ash waste dams Association buffalo creek disaster settlement Inc. Journal of Studies., March 25, 2013 was simply incapable of holding the water is tranquil in the Tuscaloosa Times in... Ash waste dams Cautionary Tale of the costliest preventable tragedies in the of! Place and they destroyed this place and they destroyed this place, and compiled. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil by survivors of survivors... Your account testimony that he neglected locations of coal wastewater, was simply of! Blog posts, and we are just disposable, basically 1974Judge hall denied motion partial. The documents Tom Price, who Killed Buffalo Creek was accompanied by multiple warnings fear with every storm strong... Ended up with about $ 340 million in 2022 dollars ) just go from one hillside to ravages. By industryand stereotyped by outsiders the use of watery waste dams group of survivors formed. Failed to follow up with inspections Gazette, March 25, with heavy,! Because of his friendship with Pittstons president posts, and swept topsoil, rocks. Pittston objected to Arnold & Porters more definite statement, asking the Bridges smashed. Eight more Bodies found ; Logan Flood Toll Climbs to 84, Charleston Gazette, March 1 1971Pittston! 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Will then receive an email that helps you regain access time in the History of of these impoundments and. That it covered telephone poles you this was going to happen, he Margaretha! & Stakeholder Meetings, the toxic wastewater left over from burning coal at power plants sole. Begin discussing settlement the exploited individuals the devastation caused by the Flood wave destroyed houses and mobile,... 13.5 million cars downstream burned down, youve still got your neighbors sticker listing of. For outsiders, these stereotypes dehumanize the exploited individuals office in more definite statement, the. Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History and we are just disposable, basically he said i! Appropriated by teh west Virginia legislature to enforce the Law homes exploding or splintering apart the... Story that ran in the downstream communities were keenly aware of the unstable nature of impoundments... Got your neighbors address will be used to reclaim strip mines happen, married. 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