The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. The most controversial aspect of the Clause is whether it limits Congresss ability to enact statutes directing how military operations are conducted. C. is on good terms with other world leaders. 27. E. None of these answers is correct. 34. E. the Department of Justice. 32. The national government prior to the Constitution lacked separation of powers, combining legislative and executive power in a single multi-member entity, and it was thought defective on that ground. The War Powers Resolution (WPR), passed by Congress over President Nixon's veto in 1973, was intended to correct concerns about a growing imbalance in the constitutional division of war powers between the legislative and executive branches. This is the president's C. National Security Council Congress can no more interfere with the Presidents conduct of the interrogation of enemy combatants than it can dictate strategic or tactical decisions on the battlefield. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. 22. how did Jefferson expand the powers of the president? D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. 2023 National Constitution Center. According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Nixons decision to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic of China, after an interruption of more than 20 years, was one of his most important foreign policy achievements, and his eight-day visit to Beijing in February 1972 was a television extravaganza. When he announced the expansion of ground forces that July 28, he did so not in a nationally televised address or before a joint Congressional session, but during a press conference in which he tried to dilute the news by also disclosing his nomination of Abe Fortas to the Supreme Court. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. More recently, in Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990), the Supreme Court held that members of the National Guard are, for constitutional purposes, federal regulars when called into the active service of the United Statesand, like the militia in the 1918 cases, may therefore be deployed for purposes other than those outlined in the Calling Forth Clause. D. Lyndon Johnson When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1946. 41. B. the U.S. House of Representatives Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? B. Advertising Notice His four prime-time campaign debates against Nixon had heralded the rise of television as a force in politics; as president, Kennedy held live televised press conferences, which the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who was a special assistant in the Kennedy White House, would recall as a superb show, always gay, often exciting, relished by the reporters and by the television audience. Through the give-and-take with the journalists, the president demonstrated his command of current issues and built public support. A. momentum. 25. The new department consolidated 22 . In fact, since 1792, Congress has provided specific statutory authorization for military deployments in the cases contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, first through the militia (which President Washington called forth to help put down the Whiskey Rebellion) and subsequently through the regular federal army (as the unreliability of the militia became increasingly clear). D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs . A president's policy initiatives are significantly more successful when the president 74 likely had this problem in mind in calling for directing . S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). A. during his or her first year in office. B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. Nobody can say with confidence exactly what JFK would have done in Southeast Asia if he had lived to hold a second term, and the point remains one of heated debate. To ensure domestic support for his decisionand in spite of calls by some members of Congress for a more aggressive responseKennedy went on national television at 7 p.m. on October 22 with a 17-minute address to the nation that emphasized Soviet responsibility for the crisis and his determination to compel the withdrawal of offensive weapons from Cuba. E. of attitudes held by the American public. C. Theodore Roosevelt. D. the endorsement of the mass media. E. VII, 14. Still, Johnsons successor in the White House, Richard Nixon, sought as much latitude as he could manage. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. 45. in this article we highlight a formal basis for presidential power that has gone largely unappreciated to this point, but has become so pivotal to presidential leadership and so central to an understanding of presidential power that it virtually defines what is distinctively modern about the modern presidency. Further, Congress has a long history of regulating the military, including the articles of war (precursor of the modern Uniform Code of Military Justice) enacted in the immediate post-ratification period. B. E. the State of the Union address. E. 1992, 18. E. the support of partisan rivals. How does the use of executive orders cause the power of the presidency to expand beyond the framers intent? D. It requires the president to inform Congress within one month of the reason for the military action. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). To avoid being seen as an aggressor, Kennedy initiated a marine quarantine of Cuba, in which U.S. ships would intercept vessels suspected of delivering weapons. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. According to Professor Hargrove's theory of presidential success, a presidency of achievement occurs because a. there is an unbreakable cycle to presidential leadership, whereby success alwaysfollows after failure. House of Representatives only. A. I A. The U.S. House of Representatives last decided the outcome of a presidential election in ________. (Reston would usher Eisenhower out of office with the judgment that he was orderly, patient, conciliatory and a thoughtful team playerall admirable traits of character. role as a commander, what presidents have used this power to expand the presidency? C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Chastened by the tyranny of George III . Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court appeared to reject this argument in invalidating military tribunals created by President Bush to try non-citizen terrorism suspects. And even in the Prize Cases (1863), in which the Supreme Court famously recognized the Presidents power to repel sudden attacks, it attributed at least some of that authority not to the Commander in Chief Clause, but to these statutes, by which he is authorized to call[] out the militia and use the military and naval forces of the United States in case of invasion by foreign nations, and to suppress insurrection against the government of a State or of the United States. In other words, the Presidents defensive war powers, though unquestioned in their scope and existence, may emanate just as much from statutes Congress has enacted under the Calling Forth Clause as from Article IIs provision that he be Commander in Chief. By ending the fighting in Korea and holding Communist expansion to a minimum without another limited war, Eisenhower won re-election in 1956 and maintained public backing for his control of foreign affairs. How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? Just as statutes that order the President to conduct warfare in a certain manner or for specific goals would be unconstitutional, so too are laws that seek to prevent the President from gaining the intelligence he believes necessary to prevent attacks upon the United States. 29. C. Jimmy Carter How much power should the president have? A. To be sure, it may often be difficult to draw a clear line between legislative Rules for the conduct of the military, on one hand, and executive direction of military operations on the other. E. None of these answers is correct. A. Direct link to Jay C's post how has the president's p, Posted a year ago. 38. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Executive Branch argued that, because of the Commander in Chief Clause, various statutory limits on the Presidents authority were unconstitutional insofar as they, among other things, forbade the torture of detainees, warrantless surveillance, or the detention of U.S. citizens as enemy combatants. University Press of Kansas. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. B. E. 6,500. B. But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). His decision rested on two fears: that Castro represented an advance wave of a Communist assault on Latin America, and that if Kennedy aborted the invasion, he would be vulnerable to domestic political attacks as a weak leader whose temporizing would encourage Communist aggression. But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Generally, the president', Posted 3 years ago. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. The 50th anniversary of his inauguration highlights the consequencesfor him, for his successors and for the American people. Examples include making treaties, commanding the military, appointing Supreme Court justices, and vetoing legislation. A. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. By 1968, it was clear that he had little hope of winning re-election. Terms of Use 12. Ooops. 47. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. What's the difference between formal and enumerated powers? D. George W. Bush C. III In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________". B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Perhaps no provision has been more neglected in this discourse than the so-called Calling Forth Clause of Article I, which empowers Congress [t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions. As Justice Jackson explained in his Steel Seizure concurrence. C. the U.S. Senate Presidents in the nineteenth century paid more attention to their vice presidents and granted them more authority. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? A. social welfare policy. But, they are in a position to make suggestions and push forward on important campaign issues. E. midterm elections. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. 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