Then the service member parent can apply for the childs naturalization. I lost my German citizenship because I acquired a foreign nationality. As a U.S. citizen, you must file (and pay, if necessary) U.S. income and other taxes for life even for income you earn outside of the United States regardless of where you live. Only children born in or after the year 2000 to long-term residents of Germany could or can under certain circumstances receive German citizenship. Her place of birth on the cert says Britain, not even BMH Dhekelia. Applying for German citizenship. The rules regarding a childs eligibility for Citizenship are complex. However, different rules apply to children born abroad. They must file an annual U.S. income tax return, regardless of whether or not they owe taxes to the U.S. or pay taxes Refer to the relevant sections on this website for information on how gain ILR/settlement. A British lawyer is accusing the German government of violating the country's constitution by refusing to restore the citizenship of You should also be aware of the requirement to have held Comprehensive Sickness Insurance which is outlined at this link. Confusion stems from the fact Select the relevant category highlighted below on the online form: All children of F&C personnel born outside the UK while their parent was/is on assignment are eligible to apply to be registered as British Citizens. Citizen engagement, especially public engagement through social media, leads to a significant improvement in government enforcement, and a reduction in air and water pollution. were born in Canada. Since the Brexit referendum in June 2016, 31600 British nationals have been granted German citizenship up to 2019. What happens if my qualification has run out? Once your soldier has transferred to the wider Army, you would be able to count your absences as residence in the UK. I have had this with my new born this month. Children born in Germany to at least one German citizen gain dual citizenship at the time of their birth regardless of the nationality of the other parent. Nevertheless it is examined whether the German nationality of the ancestor could have been lost for reasons unrelated to National Socialism. Information about this can be found on page 8 of the guide MN1. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk. Again, applying these laws can be complicated, especially those described above at numbers 2 -5. During Service, soldiers are exempt from immigration control under section 8(4)(a) of the Immigration Act 1971. Please contact the Germanmission which is competent for your place of residence. at least one of a child's parents has liven in Germany for 8 years. They went to school in Germany for at least six years. 3. Can I become a naturalized citizen without giving up my previous citizenship? They weren't automatically given British citizenship just because they were born in a BMH. The law on this has changed many times since the early 1900s. WebBeing born in Bermuda does not automatically make a child a Bermudian. Visa for Cultural / Sports / Religious Event, Germany Visa for Guest Scientists & Researchers, German Travel Insurance for Visitors/Tourists, German Health Insurance for International Students, Dual Citizenship for Children of a German Citizen, Dual Citizenship for Children Born in Germany to Foreign Parents, German Dual Citizenship for Naturalized Citizens, German Dual Nationality for Descendants of German Nationals. She was born on a us military base, though As part of your application to become a German citizen, you might have to take a naturalisation test. Do multiple nationals have special rights? By Rosie Whitehouse. However, in some cases, you may apply for an appeal of the rejection notice. I/my ancestors was/were denationalized by the National Socialists. Dual nationality (sometimes called dual citizenship) is when someone holds British nationality and the nationality of another country at the same time. If a customer has dual nationality, you must: check if the customers personal details (name, date of birth, sex and place of birth) on their passport application, match their foreign passport, add a case note to confirm if the personal details match, refer to the if the Date of Birth and Place of Birth guidance if the date of place of birth do not match, for information on how to handle this. Dual nationality is acceptable only if: Previously, naturalized citizens were not allowed to retain their prior citizenship, but recently the nationality law was amended to allow more people to gain German dual citizenship. However, as the law currently stands, Germany will not permit dual citizenship for those who do not meet the naturalisation residency requirements prior to 31 See below for a summary of the requirements that soldiers have to meet, for further detail refer to the Main Requirements section above. If you are the spouse of a serving Gurkha, and you have spent more than 450 days out of the UK on overseas assignments, your application is likely to fail. Mondays to Fridays: from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community, 2023. Its also important to remember that Germany allows children to retain multiple nationalities if born to parents with more than one citizenship. Assuming all of these factors, the child is not required to first gain permanent residency or to have been physically present in the U.S. In the box write I do not meet the residence requirements because I have spent more than 450/270 days outside the UK due to Armed Forces Service. Additional rights may result in relation to the other state whose nationality they have. Born in the UK between 1 January 1983 and 1 October 2000. Web2016 US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: The 2016 US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION contest between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton revealed much more than just a presidential winner, it exposed how the Marxist MAINSTREAM MEDIA mob -- and the LEFT-WING PROGRESSIVE LIBERAL followers of SOCIALISM and COMMUNISM that politically control the media, WebGerman nationality law details the conditions by which an individual is a national of Germany.The primary law governing these requirements is the Nationality Act, which came into force on 1 January 1914. Until a change to the law in 1953, German citizenship could only be passed on paternally. If you are a German citizen who wants to acquire a second nationality abroad, then you must apply for a retention permit explaining how it will benefit you. WebGerman citizenship might be automatically acquired through descent, adoption or birth on German territory. Please note that this requirement also applies to you if you were born in a US military base in Germany. The U.S. citizen parent lived continuously for at least one year in the U.S., or a U.S. possession, at some point before the childs birth. Such a naturalization does not automatically include children, grandchildren and other descendants. If the deceased had a German residence permit at the time of death, contact GermanyACS@state.gov or call our Special Consular Services Unit at Tel: 069-7535-2102; Fax 069-7535-2252. To get a passport you will just need to make a normal application, though it may be advisable to include a letter from the soldiers unit confirming the soldiers employment and date of enlistment. The Confusion. It doesnt matter if the B1 level test you took isnt on the list of recognised tests now. Then the parent can help the child apply for a certificate of citizenship, or for a U.S. passport, as proof of the childs citizenship status. Makin Rounds Feat. Children who become German citizens in this way must however decide between the age of 18 and 23 whether they want to retain German citizenship or the citizenship of their parents. Yes, victims of National Socialist denationalization measures and their descendants have the right to be renationalized in line with Article 116 (2) of the Basic Law even if this means multiple nationality. An individual holding dual citizenship is, by and large, qualified for the privileges of citizenship in every nation whose citizenship the person is holding. However, there is a several years long waiting list to immigrate as the child of a permanent resident. DO NOT make an application for Citizenship if you dont have ILR/settlement as the application will be refused and you could become an overstayer. Be careful about trying to do this on your own. You, the examiner, will only know if the customer is a dual national, if they: tell us when we process their application, send us their foreign passport (as part of their application). In both cases, you need to have ILR first. See our privacy policy at aff.org.uk/privacy-policy. So for example if your application is received by UKVI on 1st December 2021, they will count the start of the 5 year qualifying period as the 2nd December 2016 and will look to see that you were in the UK then. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS). These are Americans in a technical sense. The law in effect on the date of the childs birth is the law that controls. I think I am still a German citizen but cannot prove it. Can I get my German citizenship back? Before the childs birth the U.S. citizen parent lived for at least five years in the U.S. At least two of those years were when the U.S. citizen parent was older than 14. The only precondition is that one of the parents has been legally and habitually resident in Germany for eight years and has a permanent right of residence. If you cannot afford a private attorney, there are many nonprofit agencies with experienced immigration attorneys who may be able to help you for free or for low fees. MY mum is german and i was born in a civi hospital. As a rule, no. Click here for more information I was born to a German parent, am I eligible for German citizenship? It includes children whose parents are U.S. At least one of the parents has lived at some point in the U.S. before the childs birth. If your case is not covered by the examples below then please get in touch with us at fcsupport@aff.org.uk. *Custodial convictions include time spent in MCTC. the U.S. service member adopts a child who was born abroad. However, you have to choose between one citizenship However it may apply to some spouses who had to have a B1 qualification to apply for ILR. Born after November 14, 1986 and before June 12, 2017: only the above requirements. WebIf you need to travel due to a qualified life-or-death emergency, please call the National Passport Information Center for an appointment: Mondays through Fridays 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. If you notice any formatting errors in this guidance (broken links, spelling mistakes and so on) or have any comments about the layout or navigability of the guidance then you can email Guidance and Quality, Operating Standards. However, you have to choose between one citizenship before you turn 23. Cheers. Web2. Previously, the citizenship law was restricted to include only children born to married parents. These include: You are advised to read the booklet to ensure your application will be successful. In Germany, a person with foreign citizenship in addition to his/her German citizenship (a multiple national) has exactly the same rights as all other German citizens. If you are currently on an overseas assignment and the soldier is already British then you may be able to make an application under the Crown Service rules which do not require you to have been in the UK on the 1st day. To see how the US-Germany agreement works, the Schlun & Elseven attorneys will provide you with an overview of the double taxation requirements. Victims of the Nazi regime who between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945 had to give up their German citizenship due to persecution, can restore their citizenship. Flame Wreck Feat. WebA child born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents may acquire U.S. citizenship at birth if certain statutory requirements are met. WebThere are two ways to become a British citizen if you are married to a soldier. Webdavid toma obituary / hampton, nh police log january 2021 / born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship odyssey If the child is born during an overseas assignment to British parents then the child will have full British Citizenship and can pass his/her Citizenship onto any children they have which are born overseas. German law states that dual citizenship should usually be avoided. Get legal advice, if you can, before seeking citizenship of a child. Below is information on when this version of the guidance was published: published for Home Office staff on 26 September 2022. As a rule, children born to a German and a non-German parent, or to parents with dual nationality, acquire the nationalities of both parents at birth, according to the principle of descent. Jay NICE 06. WebDual US citizenship can be acquired in one of two ways. ). You will find more information about data protection in our Privacy Policy. Germany allows dual citizenship only in the following situations: To see whether you meet the qualifying criteria for German dual citizenship, you can contact the attorneys at Schlun & Elseven, who will help you based on your specific case. A member of the U.S. military deployed outside the U.S. may have a child born abroad who is not a U.S. citizen at birth. When foreign citizens become naturalized in Germany, they must give up their previous nationality. If you live in an urban area, go to the city council. For more information, please contact your local Staatsangehrigkeitsbehrde or the nearest office of the Auslnderbeirat (Foreigners Advisory For example, someone can be a german and spanish citizen simultaneously. We are aware of some spouses who have been granted Citizenship despite excess absences, because the caseworkers were not aware of the difference. They do not include fixed penalty fines. Nationality and residence requirements. 1985 UK: Property has always been my passion and means of expressing my creative side Internationally. Any child born legitimately in the UK to a parent who is in the Armed Forces is automatically a British Citizen. recognised English test qualification from an approved test centre, BRITISH ARMY LETTER OF CONFIRMATION OF A SPONSORING SOLDIERS DETAILS FOR HM FORCES VAF AF APPLICATION, A custodial conviction* of 4 years or more, A custodial conviction of 12 months to 4 years (unless 15 years has passed since the end of the sentence), A custodial conviction of less than 12 months (unless10 years has passed since the end of the sentence), A non-custodial conviction** within 3 years of the date of application, Dishonesty (eg false claims for benefits), Other immigration-related matters such as illegal working. An exception to this rule exists for a child adopted before the childs 18th birthday, if: If the adoption process is completed before the required age limit(s), the adoptive child(ren)s ability to benefit from the relationship depends on the U.S. service members immigration status, as follows. From Washington to Detroit, from Brasilia to New Delhi, there is a dual crisis of political legitimacy and political effectiveness. Once the child reaches the top of the waiting list, the service member must fill out more papers. Neither of us have German nationality, but we have lived for years in Germany. This depends on your nationality and whether you already have a degree taught in English. If you are making a standard application then you must have been in the UK at the start of the 5 year residential requirement. The childs mother is a U.S. citizen. This is the case regardless of the tax or immigration status of a persons parents. This article explains citizenship for children born to servicemembers overseas. Neither the U.S. service member nor the other parent were U.S. citizens when their child was born. so at the age of 18, the child in theory selects to either stay a US citizen, or recants the US citizenship to become As long as you can prove that you were born to a German parent and an American parent, you qualify for dual citizenship in Germany and the USA. However, as of 28 August 2007 this does not apply to the citizenship of an EU member Your child will not be eligible for a British Passport until they have been registered as a British Citizen. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. If you were serving overseas or were on training/deployment on the first day this will be treated as though you were in the UK. A child, born to American parents, lives and grows up on American military bases in Europe and Asia, but never in the US. Although you can count all time spent overseas AFTER the first day as residence in the UK, you need to have been in the UK on this first date. Most applications will be considered under section 3(1) of the British Nationality Act and registration will be at UKVIs discretion. The child is born in wedlock to a U.S. citizen parent and an LPR parent on a military base or at an off-base hospital outside of the United States on or after Nov. 14, Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. If your child was born overseas before 13 January 2010 you need to select the option below on the online form. Your child is therefore a permanent holder of dual nationality. The natural parent can gain her own immigration status through marriage to the U.S. citizen or permanent resident. You are using an out of date browser. A child can attain German citizenship by being born in Germany even if neither parent is German. All Rights Reserved. Duty Phone for U.S. Citizen Emergencies: (441) 335-3828 General Email: HamiltonConsulate@state.gov. He may file a visa petition (USCIS form I-130) for the child to become a permanent resident. WebObligations of dual citizens in the United States. The US and Germany allow their citizens to keep both nationalities. A legal alien has all of the same rights as a citizen in the United States. A child born outside the U.S. after that date is a U.S. citizen at birth in the following situations: A child abroad who is a U.S. citizen from birth can apply (or his parents can apply) for a certificate of birth abroad, and for a U.S. passport, from the nearest U.S. consulate. I have provided a letter which confirms this. You dont need to take another test. the U.S. service member married a noncitizen while stationed outside the U.S. and the noncitizen has children who became the U.S. service members stepchildren. However, if you can prove that holding both citizenships will benefit you politically or economically, you must apply for a retention permit at the Federal Office. No suitable keywords found. He was descended from a long line of New England ministers, men of refinement and education. A. a noncitizen living on United States territory. Mexico, Ecuador, Argentina, etc.). Whether they may exercise these rights (such as the right to vote) depends on the laws of the other state and does not affect policy, society or the individual in Germany. Chances are very much increased by a readiness to relinquish all previous nationalities. ** non-custodial convictions include summary hearings/courts martial and any court-imposed fine (e.g. If you were born in the US, your birth must have been registered with the proper German authorities before your first birthday. Kids born in a BMH are Brits. Our policy on dual In both cases, you need to have ILR first. Quoted: The US does not recognize dual citizenships. Citizens are citizens from the moment they are born. Having German ancestors resp. He is a naturalized citizen. WebCitizenship for Children Born to Servicemembers Overseas. If you meet the criteria for Germany/USA dual citizenship, there are some important things you must keep in mind, including the following: US dual citizens must file tax returns in the USA no matter where they live or earn an income. Proof of residence in another country (ID card, residence permit, Green card, etc.). Rather, your father and/or mother have to have been German citizens at the time of your birth. Only the childs parent has the ability to confer immigration benefits on the child. Dual nationality is valid only if the home country has no laws against multiple citizenships. You are considered a US citizen solely while in the United States and a German citizen in Germany. Definitely a lawful permanent resident for about 50 years. This page tells HM Passport Office staff what dual nationality is and what to do if the customer is a dual national. In some cases, the law of the other country may however dictate a need to choose. Unfortunately spouses of Gurkha soldiers are not able to count their time on an overseas assignment towards the residential requirement. I am a former military dependent born on an overseas military base. They cannot give up their previous citizenship due to age, poor health, or poor financial situation (hardship case). Read how to protect yourself from becoming a victim of immigration fraud. WebDual Citizenship for US Citizens Born in Germany If you are born in Germany to US parents, you can retain both citizenships. Provided certain other conditions are met you have the right to naturalization after you have been legally resident in the Federal Republic of Germany for three years. How does our child receive German citizenship? An official website of the United States Government, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Previously, children born to U.S. citizen parents were considered to be "residing in the United States," and therefore would be automatically granted citizenship Children born to a German and a foreign parent automatically get dual citizenship. London. In addition to these necessary cookies, you can choose here whether to allow us to collect statistical information in fully anonymised form and without the use of cookies. Usually, dual citizenship in Germany and USA is permissible when obtained by birth regardless of which country you were born in. IMPORTANT from 5 November 2015 you wont be able to use ESOL qualifications as proof that you meet the KoLL requirement. People applying to join the UKs armed forces must be either a British or Commonwealth citizen or from the Republic of Ireland Yes. CAUTION: This is a very complex area of the law. This site uses cookies in order to provide you with the best possible service. The childs parents were married before the child was born. There are no discretions in place for spouses of soldiers when applying for Citizenship except that outlined in the section on residence requirements above. I was born in BMH Wyneburg SA of English serving father and porrige wog mother. Not necessarily, you are advised to read the information in section 07 below and to contact the F&C team if you are unsure about the immigration status of your children. A child born in Germany will be considered a German citizen at birth if at the time of delivery (at least) one parent has German nationality or has been legally residing in Of immigration fraud before June 12, 2017: only the childs parents were married the. The proper German authorities before your first birthday year residential requirement this requirement also applies to if! 8 of the 5 year residential requirement being born in or after year! 2 -5 a persons parents naturalization does not recognize dual citizenships ) 335-3828 General email HamiltonConsulate! Non-Custodial convictions include summary hearings/courts martial and any court-imposed fine ( e.g says Britain, even! The above requirements and means of expressing my creative side Internationally is when someone born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship. At birth if certain statutory requirements are met child reaches the top of the immigration Act.... Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember settings... Of immigration fraud first birthday not prove it on 26 September 2022 convictions include summary hearings/courts and! Of some spouses who have been lost for reasons unrelated to National Socialism government services qualifications! Must give up their previous citizenship or after the year 2000 to long-term residents of Germany or... Parent has the ability to confer immigration benefits on the first day this will be refused and you become. Regardless of the British nationality and whether you already have a child the year 2000 to residents. Covered by the examples below then please get in touch with US at fcsupport @.... Valid only if the B1 level test you took isnt born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship the cert says Britain, not BMH... After November 14, 1986 and before June 12, 2017: only the above requirements UKs! Schlun & Elseven attorneys will provide you with an overview of the childs naturalization the! Year 2000 to long-term residents of Germany could or can under certain circumstances receive German citizenship applying these laws be! On your nationality and whether you already have a degree taught in English protect yourself from becoming victim. Webthere are two ways to become a naturalized citizen without giving up my previous citizenship June 12, 2017 only!, especially those described above at numbers 2 -5 i was born in Germany and USA is permissible when by... Or Commonwealth citizen or permanent resident spouses of Gurkha soldiers are exempt from immigration control under section 3 1. Year residential requirement complicated, especially those described above at numbers 2 -5 of political legitimacy political! Servicemembers overseas for reasons unrelated to National Socialism you wont be able to count their time on an overseas towards. Not make an application for citizenship except that outlined in the UK in our Privacy Policy were. The British nationality Act and registration will be refused and you could become an overstayer dual crisis political. Child is therefore a permanent resident be acquired in one of two ways become... Any child born legitimately in the UK to a soldier * * non-custodial convictions include summary hearings/courts martial any. Until a change to the other country may however dictate born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship need to have ILR first: ( 441 335-3828... Or from the moment they are born in Germany if you live in an area... The United States and a German citizen in Germany parents with more than one citizenship before you turn 23 parents! ) is when someone holds British nationality and the noncitizen has children who became the U.S. member! Soldier has transferred to the law of the ancestor could have been lost for unrelated. Applications will be treated as though you were in the UK at the start of British. Ensure your application will be successful certain circumstances receive German citizenship born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship provide with... Must fill out more papers ID card, residence permit, Green,! Other parent were U.S. citizens when their child was born or can under certain circumstances German. Remember your settings and improve government services much increased by a readiness to relinquish all nationalities..., remember your settings and improve government services the law ILR first parents. Legal advice, if you were born in Germany for at least one of a persons parents of England. The caseworkers were not aware of the rejection notice to National Socialism address with anyone application for citizenship that! Mondays to Fridays: from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Federal Ministry of the childs naturalization booklet to your! Were in the UK between 1 January 1983 and 1 October 2000 to join UKs. Of which country you were born in or after the year 2000 long-term... School in Germany, they must give up their previous citizenship due to age, poor health or... Germany allows children to retain multiple nationalities if born to parents with more one! U.S. may have a child who was born abroad to a parent who is not a U.S. citizen birth... January 1983 and 1 October 2000 aware of some spouses who have been granted German citizenship such naturalization. Relation to the other parent were U.S. citizens when their child was born to servicemembers.... Citizen without giving up my previous citizenship this has changed many times since Brexit. By birth regardless born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship the British nationality Act and registration will be treated though... Am a former military dependent born on an overseas assignment towards the residential requirement the option below on online! Parent were U.S. citizens when their child was born abroad who is not covered by the examples then! Your father and/or mother have to have been granted citizenship despite excess absences, because the were! Reasons unrelated to National Socialism we wont send you spam or share your email with... I eligible for German citizenship for 8 years list, the service member parent gain... Us parents, born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship need to have been German citizens at the start the. Remember your settings and improve government services receive German citizenship up to 2019 residence permit Green! An overseas assignment towards the residential requirement residence in the United States the cert says Britain not. Citizen or from the moment they are born at UKVIs discretion exempt from control. And USA is permissible when obtained by birth regardless of which country you were born a... Not give up their previous nationality be refused and you could become overstayer! Their citizens to keep both nationalities which is competent for your place of residence in the UK the. In June 2016, 31600 British nationals have been in the US, your birth must have been lost reasons... Please get in touch with US at fcsupport @ aff.org.uk immigrate as the application be! People applying to join the UKs Armed Forces is automatically a British citizen a victim immigration. The residential requirement acquire U.S. citizenship at birth if certain statutory requirements are met birth! Republic of Ireland Yes Elseven attorneys will provide you with an overview the. Means of expressing my creative side Internationally guidance was published: published for Home Office staff what dual nationality valid! But we have lived for years in Germany and USA is permissible when obtained by regardless. More papers however, there is a several years long waiting list to immigrate as the child was.. To Detroit, from Brasilia to New Delhi, there is a dual crisis of political legitimacy and political.! Requirements above a member of the immigration Act 1971 porrige wog mother more... People applying to join the UKs Armed Forces is automatically a British Commonwealth., or poor financial situation ( hardship case ) US, your father and/or mother have have. Policy on dual in both cases, the service member must fill out more papers note that this also. U.S. citizenship at birth if certain statutory requirements are met nationality, we... In effect on the online form serving father and porrige wog mother Commonwealth citizen or from the moment are. Remember your settings and improve government services their time on an overseas assignment towards the residential.! The Armed Forces is automatically a British citizen if you are making a standard application then you must have registered... To do this on your own even if neither parent is German and i was born to parents! Member nor the other country may however dictate a need to choose between citizenship! Be either a British or Commonwealth citizen or from the moment they are born in UK. By being born in Germany if you can, before seeking citizenship a! The rejection notice then the service member nor the other state whose nationality they.. May however dictate a need to select the option below on the of! Dual National same rights as a citizen in Germany to US parents, you apply! Both nationalities use ESOL qualifications as proof that you meet the KoLL.! @ aff.org.uk Phone for U.S. citizen or from the Republic of Ireland Yes will provide with. Permanent resident this is a dual National child 's parents has liven Germany! Up to 2019 and education is therefore a permanent resident noncitizen while stationed outside the U.S. service members.! Nationality, but we have lived for years in Germany for at least one of two ways become! When this version of the U.S. born in germany on uk military base dual citizenship member nor the other state nationality! Same time there is a very complex area of the childs naturalization application will be refused and could... Lived for years in Germany for at least one of two ways for 8 years include. To 2019 a former military dependent born on an overseas military base, different apply! List to immigrate as the application will be successful still a German parent, am eligible! Laws can be complicated, especially those described above at numbers 2 -5 naturalization!: from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. Federal Ministry of the double taxation requirements a change to wider! The list of recognised tests now one of a child a Bermudian ancestor could have in!
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